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Backends and runtimes (no agent framework needed)

Every backend and runtime that needs no agent framework: how it attaches, its extra, its guide and the test that runs it. Web apps, workers, queues, serverless functions, pipelines, notebooks, scripts and other languages call the same Executor, so approval, budgets, limits and the ledger apply there too. Agent frameworks are on the Support matrix.

flowchart LR
  A["async code<br/>FastAPI, Django async, Jupyter, Gradio"] -->|"await executor.run"| E["Executor"]
  S["sync code<br/>Flask, Celery, scripts, Streamlit"] -->|"run_sync / LoopRunner"| E
  M["messages<br/>queues, Lambda, Temporal"] -->|"handle_envelope / tool_handler"| E
  H["HTTP and other languages"] -->|"create_app / create_wsgi_app / MCP"| E
  E --> T["your tools"]

How to read the table

Column Means
Attach with the adapter call you write in that host; the guide shows it in full
Extra the adapter extra to install; "none" means pip install agent-adapter plus the host itself
Example the file the guide includes; every one is a real file run by the test beside it
Tested by the test that runs the example offline, and the nox sessions that run it on Python 3.11, 3.12 and 3.13
core installs only the dev extra: tests that need no web framework run here
docs-examples adds FastAPI, Flask, Django, Celery, httpx and the server extras
a note such as "fake queue" the test runs the example's body with fakes; the real broker, host or runtime is not started
documented recipe no test runs this host; the guide gives the recipe and says what it builds on
skipped the test exists but skips because no nox session installs the package
Backend Attach with Extra Guide Example Tested by, in nox session
FastAPI await executor.run(...) in routes; create_app mounts the tool server server (mount only) FastAPI examples/backend_fastapi.py
examples/backend_common.py		 tests/docs/test_backend_examples.py::test_fastapi_routes_approve_ask_and_mount_the_tool_server in docs-examples
Starlette Mount("/agent", app=create_app(registry, ...)) server Other web frameworks examples/backend_other_asgi.py tests/docs/test_backend_handler_examples.py::test_other_asgi_starlette_mount in docs-examples
Litestar, Quart, Sanic mount create_app(registry, ...) as an ASGI app server Other web frameworks none documented recipe: the same ASGI app is tested under Starlette
Flask run_sync(..., timeout=) in views; create_wsgi_app mounts the tool server server-wsgi (mount only) Flask examples/backend_flask.py tests/docs/test_backend_examples.py::test_flask_views_run_sync_approve_and_mount_the_wsgi_tool_server in docs-examples
Django await in async views, run_sync in sync views; create_app beside it server (tool server only) Django examples/backend_django.py tests/docs/test_backend_examples.py::test_django_async_and_sync_views_approve_and_ask in docs-examples
tests/docs/test_backend_examples.py::test_django_asgi_app_serves_django_and_the_tool_server in docs-examples
aiohttp a handler that forwards to ToolService none Other web frameworks examples/backend_other_asgi.py tests/docs/test_backend_handler_examples.py::test_other_asgi_forward_and_grpc_servicer in core, core-floor, docs-examples; the shim's forward
tests/docs/test_backend_handler_examples.py::test_other_asgi_aiohttp_shim skipped: no nox session installs aiohttp
gRPC servicer await invoke(...); sync servers run_sync or LoopRunner none Other web frameworks examples/backend_other_asgi.py tests/docs/test_backend_handler_examples.py::test_other_asgi_forward_and_grpc_servicer in core, core-floor, docs-examples; fake request, no grpc
Celery run_sync(..., timeout=) in the task body none Celery examples/backend_celery.py tests/docs/test_backend_examples.py::test_celery_task_bodies_park_and_resume_without_celery in core, core-floor, docs-examples
tests/docs/test_backend_examples.py::test_celery_tasks_run_eagerly_and_resume_after_review in docs-examples
RQ, Dramatiq, Huey LoopRunner().run(lambda: handle_envelope(...)) none Queues and consumers examples/backend_queue.py tests/docs/test_backend_handler_examples.py::test_queue_sync_job_and_activity in core, core-floor, docs-examples; job body, no broker
Arq, Taskiq await handle_envelope(executor, payload, message_id=...) none Queues and consumers examples/backend_queue.py tests/docs/test_backend_handler_examples.py::test_queue_consumer_acks_parks_dead_letters_and_redelivers in core, core-floor, docs-examples; fake queue
Kafka, SQS, Pub/Sub consumers await handle_envelope(...); ack by reply status none Queues and consumers examples/backend_queue.py tests/docs/test_backend_handler_examples.py::test_queue_consumer_acks_parks_dead_letters_and_redelivers in core, core-floor, docs-examples; fake queue, no broker
tests/docs/test_backend_handler_examples.py::test_queue_pubsub_push_uses_the_stable_message_id in core, core-floor, docs-examples
Temporal activities await handle_envelope(...) in the activity none Queues and consumers examples/backend_queue.py tests/docs/test_backend_handler_examples.py::test_queue_sync_job_and_activity in core, core-floor, docs-examples; activity body, no worker
AWS Lambda handler = tool_handler(executor, tools=..., timeout=...) none Serverless functions examples/backend_serverless.py tests/docs/test_backend_handler_examples.py::test_serverless_lambda_parks_reviews_and_resumes_once in core, core-floor, docs-examples; fake SQS events
Cloud Run functions, Azure Functions, Modal await handle_envelope(...), or the sync tool_handler none Serverless functions examples/backend_serverless.py tests/docs/test_backend_handler_examples.py::test_serverless_async_function_returns_problems in core, core-floor, docs-examples; function body, no host runtime
Airflow, Prefect, Dagster async task await executor.run_many(...); sync run_sync none Data pipelines examples/backend_pipeline.py tests/docs/test_backend_handler_examples.py::test_pipeline_task_partition_and_one_backend_per_process in core, core-floor, docs-examples; no orchestrator
Ray, Spark run_sync(...) in a remote function or a partition body none Data pipelines examples/backend_pipeline.py tests/docs/test_backend_handler_examples.py::test_pipeline_task_partition_and_one_backend_per_process in core, core-floor, docs-examples; no orchestrator
Jupyter top-level await executor.run(...), or run_sync none Notebooks and apps examples/backend_notebook.py tests/docs/test_backend_handler_examples.py::test_notebook_cell_streamlit_and_gradio in core, core-floor, docs-examples
Streamlit run_sync(..., timeout=); the backend in st.cache_resource none Notebooks and apps examples/backend_notebook.py tests/docs/test_backend_handler_examples.py::test_notebook_cell_streamlit_and_gradio in core, core-floor, docs-examples; fake st
Gradio an async handler that awaits executor.run(...) none Notebooks and apps examples/backend_notebook.py tests/docs/test_backend_handler_examples.py::test_notebook_cell_streamlit_and_gradio in core, core-floor, docs-examples; no gradio
Scripts and CLIs run_sync(batch) with executor.run_many(...) in main(argv) none Scripts and batch jobs examples/backend_script.py tests/docs/test_backend_examples.py::test_script_runs_a_batch_denies_unattended_and_sets_the_exit_code in core, core-floor, docs-examples
tests/docs/test_backend_examples.py::test_script_asks_on_the_terminal_when_interactive in core, core-floor, docs-examples
Any warm sync process LoopRunner().run(executor.run(...), timeout=...) none Runtime examples/backend_loop_runner.py tests/docs/test_deploy_examples.py::test_loop_runner_example_keeps_one_client_warm in core, core-floor, docs-examples
Other languages over HTTP create_app(registry, ...); REST + SSE from any client server HTTP tool server examples/serve_tools.py tests/server/test_examples_server.py::test_serve_tools_demo in core, core-floor, server
tests/server/test_examples_server.py::test_serve_tools_builds_the_app in server
Other languages over MCP streamable_http_app(registry) at /mcp mcp Cross-language: MCP examples/mcp_http.py tests/integrations/mcp/test_examples.py::test_mcp_http_builds_the_app_at_mcp in contract-all-compatible, contract-mcp
TypeScript client @agent-adapter/client against create_app server Cross-language: TypeScript client clients/typescript/examples/quickstart.ts tests/server/test_ts_client.py::test_typescript_client_against_the_live_server in ts; runs node --test

Regenerate

python -m tests.docs.test_support_backends

Paste the output between the markers. Add or change a row in tests/docs/backends_matrix.py; sessions are read from noxfile.py, so the "Tested by" column follows the nox sessions.

Files

File Does
tests/docs/backends_matrix.py the rows: host, attach call, extra, guide, examples, tests and the packages each test needs
tests/docs/test_support_backends.py renders the table, checks every guide, example and test exists, and compares it with this page